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Instrumentation 6

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Microscopy is the study of objects or samples that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. There are several types of microscopy, each with its own advantages and limitations. Here are the main types of microscopy: 1. Optical microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate a sample. Optical microscopy can be further divided into several subtypes, such as brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, fluorescence, and confocal microscopy. Optical microscopy is a technique that uses visible light to observe the sample under a microscope. It consists of several components, including an objective lens, an eyepiece lens, and a light source. The working of optical microscopy involves the following steps. The sample to be viewed is prepared by fixing it onto a glass slide and adding a stain or dye to enhance its contrast. The light source, located beneath the sample, emits light that is directed through the condenser lens to focus the light o...
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Graphical presentation of data in statistics.

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G raphical presentation of data in statistics refers to the visual representation of data using various types of charts, graphs, and diagrams. These visual tools provide an effective way to present large amounts of data in a concise and easy-to-understand format, allowing the audience to quickly grasp the meaning and significance of the data. There are various types of graphical representations of data, and the choice of the appropriate method depends on the type of data and the purpose of the presentation. Some of the commonly used graphical tools in statistics include: Bar Charts: A bar chart is a graph that represents data with rectangular bars, where the height or length of each bar corresponds to the value of the data. They are commonly used to compare the values of different categories of data. A bar chart, also known as a bar graph, is a graphical representation of data using rectangular bars, where the height or length of each bar corresponds to the value of the data. B...
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PETase enzyme.

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  P lastic-eating bacteria are a type of microorganisms that have the ability to break down and consume plastic materials. These bacteria have the enzymes necessary to degrade plastic polymers, which are long chains of molecules that make up most plastic products. One type of plastic-eating bacteria is  Ideonella sakaiensis , which was discovered in 2016 in a plastic waste dump in Japan. This bacterium produces an enzyme called PETase, which can break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common type of plastic used in water bottles and other products. Other types of plastic-eating bacteria have also been discovered, including species that can degrade polystyrene and polyurethane. While the discovery of these bacteria is promising for reducing plastic pollution, there is still much research to be done to understand how they can be used effectively and safely. It's worth noting that plastic pollution is a complex problem that requires multiple approaches to address, includin...
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STD 12th/ Ch-2/ Flowering plants.

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1. Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female gametophyte place. In an angiosperm flower, the male and female gametophytes develop in different parts of the flower. Male gametophyte ( pollen grains ) develops in the anther , located at the tip of the stamen, the flower's male reproductive organ. Female gametophyte ( embryo sac ) develops in the ovule , which is located in the ovary, the female reproductive organ of the flower. 2. Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Which type of cell division occurs during these events? Name the structures formed at the end of these two events? Fig: Microsporogenesis in detail Microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis are two different processes involved in the development of male and female gametophytes in plants.  Here are the differences between the two: Definition: Microsporogenesis refers to the process of formation of microspores or pollen grains in the anthers of a flower, wh...
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Golden rice

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  Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice that has been engineered to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. This modification gives the rice a yellow or golden color, hence the name "golden rice." Golden rice aims to address vitamin A deficiency, a significant public health problem in many developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia and Africa.   Vitamin A is essential for human health, particularly for the proper immune system functioning and vision. However, many people in developing countries, particularly those who rely on rice as a staple food, do not have access to sufficient sources of vitamin A in their diet. This can lead to a range of health problems, including blindness, weakened immune systems, and even death.   Golden rice was developed in the late 1990s by a team of researchers led by Dr. Ingo Potrykus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and Dr. Peter Beyer of the University of Freiburg in Germany. ...
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