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Instrumentation 6

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Microscopy is the study of objects or samples that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. There are several types of microscopy, each with its own advantages and limitations. Here are the main types of microscopy: 1. Optical microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate a sample. Optical microscopy can be further divided into several subtypes, such as brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, fluorescence, and confocal microscopy. Optical microscopy is a technique that uses visible light to observe the sample under a microscope. It consists of several components, including an objective lens, an eyepiece lens, and a light source. The working of optical microscopy involves the following steps. The sample to be viewed is prepared by fixing it onto a glass slide and adding a stain or dye to enhance its contrast. The light source, located beneath the sample, emits light that is directed through the condenser lens to focus the light o...
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what is Biostatistics.

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B iostatistics is the application of statistical methods to analyze and interpret data in the field of biology and medicine. It is a branch of statistics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data related to health and life sciences.   Biostatistics plays a crucial role in medical research, epidemiology, public health, genetics, and many other fields related to health and life sciences. Biostatisticians are responsible for designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting the results to draw conclusions and make informed decisions. They also help in designing experiments and clinical trials to test new drugs, treatments, and medical devices. Biostatistics is a multidisciplinary field that requires a strong foundation in statistics, mathematics, and biology, among other subjects.   Bioinformatics is the field of science that uses computational and statistical techniques to analyze biological data. It involves the...
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PETase enzyme.

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  P lastic-eating bacteria are a type of microorganisms that have the ability to break down and consume plastic materials. These bacteria have the enzymes necessary to degrade plastic polymers, which are long chains of molecules that make up most plastic products. One type of plastic-eating bacteria is  Ideonella sakaiensis , which was discovered in 2016 in a plastic waste dump in Japan. This bacterium produces an enzyme called PETase, which can break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common type of plastic used in water bottles and other products. Other types of plastic-eating bacteria have also been discovered, including species that can degrade polystyrene and polyurethane. While the discovery of these bacteria is promising for reducing plastic pollution, there is still much research to be done to understand how they can be used effectively and safely. It's worth noting that plastic pollution is a complex problem that requires multiple approaches to address, includin...
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Explain CRISPR

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CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a genetic tool that enables researchers to make precise changes to the DNA of any organism. It is based on a bacterial defense mechanism against viruses, where the bacteria store a small piece of the virus's genetic material in their own genome as a memory of the virus. CRISPR works by using a guide RNA (gRNA) to target a specific sequence of DNA and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein to cut the DNA at the target site. This allows researchers to introduce new DNA sequences, remove unwanted ones, or make precise changes to the DNA code. CRISPR has the potential to revolutionize medicine, agriculture, and many other fields by allowing us to edit genes with unprecedented precision and ease. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a revolutionary gene-editing tool that works by utilizing a bacterial defense mechanism against viruses. CRISPR enables researchers to make precise changes t...
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All about Animal Tissue Culture.

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Introduction: The father of animal tissue culture is considered to be Ross Granville Harrison, an American biologist who is credited with developing the first successful animal tissue culture in 1907. Harrison was interested in understanding the process of embryonic development and sought to isolate individual cells to study their behavior in a controlled environment. He successfully isolated nerve fibers from a frog embryo and cultured them in a saline solution, which allowed him to observe the growth and behavior of the cells outside of the living organism. This discovery laid the foundation for modern animal tissue culture and has led to many important advances in biological research and medicine.   Animal tissue culture is a laboratory technique that involves the growth and maintenance of animal cells outside of their natural environment, such as in a petri dish or flask. This technique is used in a wide range of research fields, including basic biology, drug development,...
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Popular posts from this blog

PETase enzyme.

-
Image
  P lastic-eating bacteria are a type of microorganisms that have the ability to break down and consume plastic materials. These bacteria have the enzymes necessary to degrade plastic polymers, which are long chains of molecules that make up most plastic products. One type of plastic-eating bacteria is  Ideonella sakaiensis , which was discovered in 2016 in a plastic waste dump in Japan. This bacterium produces an enzyme called PETase, which can break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common type of plastic used in water bottles and other products. Other types of plastic-eating bacteria have also been discovered, including species that can degrade polystyrene and polyurethane. While the discovery of these bacteria is promising for reducing plastic pollution, there is still much research to be done to understand how they can be used effectively and safely. It's worth noting that plastic pollution is a complex problem that requires multiple approaches to address, includin...
Read more

STD 12th/ Ch-2/ Flowering plants.

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1. Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female gametophyte place. In an angiosperm flower, the male and female gametophytes develop in different parts of the flower. Male gametophyte ( pollen grains ) develops in the anther , located at the tip of the stamen, the flower's male reproductive organ. Female gametophyte ( embryo sac ) develops in the ovule , which is located in the ovary, the female reproductive organ of the flower. 2. Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Which type of cell division occurs during these events? Name the structures formed at the end of these two events? Fig: Microsporogenesis in detail Microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis are two different processes involved in the development of male and female gametophytes in plants.  Here are the differences between the two: Definition: Microsporogenesis refers to the process of formation of microspores or pollen grains in the anthers of a flower, wh...
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Golden rice

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  Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice that has been engineered to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. This modification gives the rice a yellow or golden color, hence the name "golden rice." Golden rice aims to address vitamin A deficiency, a significant public health problem in many developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia and Africa.   Vitamin A is essential for human health, particularly for the proper immune system functioning and vision. However, many people in developing countries, particularly those who rely on rice as a staple food, do not have access to sufficient sources of vitamin A in their diet. This can lead to a range of health problems, including blindness, weakened immune systems, and even death.   Golden rice was developed in the late 1990s by a team of researchers led by Dr. Ingo Potrykus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and Dr. Peter Beyer of the University of Freiburg in Germany. ...
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