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Instrumentation 6

Microscopy is the study of objects or samples that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. There are several types of microscopy, each with its own advantages and limitations. Here are the main types of microscopy: 1. Optical microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate a sample. Optical microscopy can be further divided into several subtypes, such as brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, fluorescence, and confocal microscopy. Optical microscopy is a technique that uses visible light to observe the sample under a microscope. It consists of several components, including an objective lens, an eyepiece lens, and a light source. The working of optical microscopy involves the following steps. The sample to be viewed is prepared by fixing it onto a glass slide and adding a stain or dye to enhance its contrast. The light source, located beneath the sample, emits light that is directed through the condenser lens to focus the light o

Instrumentation 5

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Centrifuge A centrifuge is a laboratory instrument that is used to separate different components of a mixture based on their density or sedimentation rate. The basic principle behind centrifugation is to apply centrifugal force to a sample, causing the denser components to move towards the bottom of a centrifuge tube. This separation process is used in a wide range of applications, including cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, and microbiology. The centrifuge is composed of several basic components, including a rotor, a motor, and a control system. The rotor is the spinning component of the centrifuge, and it can be either fixed-angle or swinging bucket type. The motor provides the power to spin the rotor, and the control system allows the user to adjust the speed and time of the centrifugation process. The centrifugation process starts with loading the sample into the centrifuge tube. The tube is then placed in the rotor, and the lid is secured in place. The rotor is

Instrumentation 4

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Sonicator   A sonicator, also known as an ultrasonic homogenizer, is a laboratory instrument that uses high-frequency sound waves to break down, disperse, and mix samples. It is commonly used for applications such as cell disruption, homogenization, emulsification, dispersion, and extraction. The sonicator consists of a generator that produces high-frequency electrical signals, which are transmitted to a transducer. The transducer converts the electrical signals into high-frequency sound waves that are transmitted through a probe or horn. The probe is immersed in the sample to be processed, and the high-frequency sound waves create cavitation bubbles in the sample, which collapse and generate high shear forces that break down the sample. Sonicator Sonicators can be used for a wide range of applications, including. Cell disruption: Sonicators can be used to break open cells and release cellular contents, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA. Sonicators can be used to homogenize or mix s

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