Instrumentation 6

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Microscopy is the study of objects or samples that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. There are several types of microscopy, each with its own advantages and limitations. Here are the main types of microscopy: 1. Optical microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate a sample. Optical microscopy can be further divided into several subtypes, such as brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, fluorescence, and confocal microscopy. Optical microscopy is a technique that uses visible light to observe the sample under a microscope. It consists of several components, including an objective lens, an eyepiece lens, and a light source. The working of optical microscopy involves the following steps. The sample to be viewed is prepared by fixing it onto a glass slide and adding a stain or dye to enhance its contrast. The light source, located beneath the sample, emits light that is directed through the condenser lens to focus the light o...
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STD 12th / Ch-8/ Short note on Typhoid disease.[Common Diseases of Human /12th biology]

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Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It is spread through contaminated food and water or through close contact with an infected person. The symptoms of typhoid fever can range from mild to severe and typically appear 1-3 weeks after infection.


The symptoms of typhoid fever include:


High fever (over 100.4°F or 38°C)

Weakness and fatigue

Stomach pain and discomfort

Loss of appetite

Headache

Body aches and muscle pain

Dry cough

Constipation or diarrhea

Rash of flat, rose-colored spots

Enlarged liver and spleen

In severe cases, complications can occur, such as intestinal bleeding or perforation, which can be life-threatening. People with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions are at higher risk for severe symptoms and complications.

If you suspect you or someone you know has typhoid fever, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Prevention measures, such as good hygiene and safe food and water practices, are also important to help reduce the risk of typhoid fever.

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